Análisis del discurso infantil como herramienta de detección de Trastorno del Desarrollo del Lenguaje: enfoques tradicionales y automatizados
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35869/hafh.v28i2.6249Palabras clave:
trastorno del desarrollo del lenguaje, discurso infantil, habilidades narrativas, españolResumen
El análisis del discurso infantil constituye una herramienta clave para la detección del Trastorno del Desarrollo del Lenguaje (TDL). A diferencia de otros enfoques centrados en la evaluación de los aspectos fonológicos, léxicos o morfosintácticos, el análisis del discurso permite evaluar el uso funcional del lenguaje en contextos narrativos, conversacionales y espontáneos. Esta revisión narrativa sintetiza los estudios que han empleado tanto métodos tradicionales como aproximaciones automatizadas para el análisis del discurso en población infantil, con especial atención a su aplicabilidad en el contexto español. Los métodos tradicionales, basados en grabación, transcripción y análisis estructural permiten detectar alteraciones en la organización narrativa, el uso de conectores, la coherencia textual y los aspectos pragmáticos del lenguaje. Sin embargo, estos métodos son intensivos en tiempo y dependen de la experiencia del evaluador. Por otro lado, los enfoques automatizados, basados en procesamiento del lenguaje natural (PLN) e inteligencia artificial (IA), permiten extraer rasgos lingüísticos como la longitud media del enunciado, la diversidad léxica y la coherencia global de forma rápida y objetiva. Este enfoque ha demostrado eficacia en la clasificación automática de narraciones típicas y atípicas. No obstante, se observa todavía una escasez de estudios aplicados en español, lo que subraya la necesidad de avanzar hacia la validación y adaptación de estos métodos en nuestro entorno lingüístico y clínico.
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