Emociones y retrogénesis. Un análisis contrastivo del lenguaje de las emociones en la población infantil y adultos con demencia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35869/hafh.v28i2.6387Palabras clave:
retrogénesis, enfermedad de Alzheimer, población infantil, lenguaje de las emocionesResumen
La teoría de la retrogénesis sostiene que existe un paralelismo entre los procesos de adquisición del lenguaje en la población infantil y su deterioro en adultos diagnosticados con demencia. En esta línea, esta investigación parte de los siguientes objetivos: (i) analizar los patrones generales del lenguaje de las emociones en niños y adultos con enfermedad de Alzheimer; (ii) contrastar los resultados de ambos grupos para ver si existen características comunes entre el desarrollo del lenguaje de las emociones y su deterioro en la demencia. Para ello, se ha grabado en vídeo a dos grupos: 27 personas diagnosticadas con demencia en distintas fases de la enfermedad (13 en estadio inicial, 8 en moderado y 6 en severo); y 24 niños entre 3 y 6 años. La prueba consistió en una entrevista semidirigida en la que se preguntó a los participantes por sus gustos, historia de vida y rutinas, con el objetivo de obtener un lenguaje lo más natural posible. Los resultados indican que, si bien existen ciertas similitudes en los patrones de uso de la población infantil y los estadios moderado y avanzado de la demencia, en general los participantes adultos son capaces de expresar un rango emocional más amplio y utilizan una mayor variedad de recursos léxicos para hacerlo.
Descargas
Citas
Aznar, A. y Tenenbaum, H. R. (2015). Gender and age differences in parent–child emotion talk. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 33(1), 148-155. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12069
Baron-Cohen, S., Golan, O., Wheelwright, S. y Granader, Y. (2010). Emotion word comprehension from 4 to 16 years old: a developmental survey. Frontiers in Evolutionary Neuroscience, 2, 109. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnevo.2010.00109
Bechtel, C., Remington, R., Barton, B., Barasauskas, C. y Shea, T. B. (2015). Cognitive testing for dementia is adversely affected by administration in a foreign location. BMC Research Notes, 8(1), 66. http://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1021-3
Benítez-Burraco, A. e Ivanova, O. (2023). Revisiting the hypothesis of language retrogenesis from an evolutionary perspective. Neuropsychology, 37(5), 501–518. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000886
Berga, A., Skilters, J., Zarina, L., Umbrasko, S., Silins, A., Gultniece, M. y Bartu, S. (2025). Effects of meditation on emotions and depression: a longitudinal study using Geneva Emotion Wheel. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 47. Recuperado de https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4qf1s368
Brown, P. y Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage (Vol. 4). Cambridge University Press.
Chaplin, T. (2015). Gender and emotion expression: a developmental contextual perspective. Emotion Review, 7(1), 14-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073914544408
Chaplin, T. y Aldao, A. (2013). Gender differences in emotion expression in children: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 139(4), 735-765. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030737
Cummings, J. L., Mega, M., Gray, K., Rosenberg-Thompson, S., Carusi, D. A. y Gornbein, J. (1994). The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: Comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurology, 44(12), 2308–2314. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.44.12.2308
Currie, N. K., y Cain, K. (2015). Children’s inference generation: The role of vocabulary and working memory. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 137, 57-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2015.03.005
Dong, Y., Hsiao, Y., Dawson, N., Banerji, N. y Nation, K. (2024). The Emotional Content of Children’s Writing: A Data–Driven Approach. Cognitive Science, 48(3), e13423. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13423
Eiteljoerge, S. F., Pouscoulous, N. y Lieven, E. V. (2018). Some pieces are missing: implicature production in children. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1928. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01928
Franssen, E. H. y Reisberg, B. (1997). Neurologic markers of the progression of Alzheimer´s disease. International Psychogeriatrics, 9, 297-306. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610297005036
Göbel, A., Henning, A., Möller, C. y Aschersleben, G. (2016). The Relationship between Emotion Comprehension and Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior in 7- to 10-Year-Old Children. Frontiers in Psychology (Sec. Human Developmental Psychology), 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01917
Granger, C. V., Albrecht, G. L. y Hamilton, B. B. (1979). Outcome of comprehensive medical rehabilitation: Measurement by PULSES profile and the Barthel Index. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 60(4), 145–154.
Grosse, G., Streubel, B., Gunzenhauser, C. y Saalbach, H. (2021). Let’s talk about emotions: the development of children’s emotion vocabulary from 4 to 11 years of age. Affective Science, 2(2), 150-162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42761-021-00040-2
Hamilton, H. E. (1994). Conversations with an Alzheimer’s patient. Cambridge University Press.
Harris, P. (2008). Children’s understanding of emotion. En M. Lewis, J. Haviland-Jones y L. Feldman (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 320-331). The Guildford Press.
Herba, C., Landau, S., Russell, T., Ecker, C. y Phillips, M. (2006). The development of emotion-processing in children: effects of age, emotion, and intensity. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(11), 1098-1106. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01652.x
Kim, H., Yoon, J. H., Lee, J. E., Baek, E. J., Sohn, Y. H. y Na, D. L. (2011). Is confrontation naming performance in Alzheimer’s disease the nominal linguistic retrogenesis of normal development?. European Neurology, 66(4), 195-199. https://doi.org/10.1159/000331172
Kobayashi, M., Yamada, Y., Shinkawa, K., Nemoto, M., Ota, M., Nemoto, K. y Arai, T. (2024). Vocal expression of emotions discriminates dementia with Lewy bodies from Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring, 16(2), e12594. https://doi.org/10.1002/dad2.12594
Konopkina, K., Hirvaskoski, H., Hietanen, J. K. y Saarimäki, H. (2025). Multicomponent approach reveals differences in affective responses among children and adolescents. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 10179. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-94309-2
Kövecses, Z. (2003). Metaphor and emotion: language, culture, and body in human feeling. Cambridge University Press
Kövecses, Z. (2014). Conceptualizing emotions. A revised cognitive linguistic perspective. Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 50(1), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2014-0002
Lagattuta, K. y Wellman, H. (2002). Differences in early parent-child conversations about negative versus positive emotions: Implications for the development of psychological understanding. Developmental Psychology, 38(4), 564–580. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.38.4.564
Li, C., Solinsky, J., Cohen, T. y Pakhomov, S. (2024). A curious case of retrogenesis in language: Automated analysis of language patterns observed in dementia patients and young children. Neuroscience informatics, 4(1), 100155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuri.2023.100155
Lobo, A., Ezquerra, J., Gómez Burgada, F., Sala, J. M. y Seva-Díaz, A. (1979). El Mini-Examen Cognoscitivo: Un test sencillo y práctico para detectar alteraciones intelectuales en pacientes médicos, Revista de Psiquiatría y Psicología Médica, 14(5), 39-57.
Lust, B., Flynn, S., Sherman, J. C., Gair, J., Henderson Jr, C. R., Cordella, C., Whitlock, J., Mancuso, S., Chen, Z., Costigan, A. e Immerman, A. (2015). Reversing Ribot: Does regression hold in language of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease? Brain and language, 143, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2015.01.013
Magai, C., Cohen, C., Gomberg, D., Malatesta, C. y Culver, C. (1996). Emotional expression during mid-to late-stage dementia. International psychogeriatrics, 8(3), 383-395. https://doi.org/10.1017/S104161029600275X
McGeer, P.L., McGeer, E.G., Akiyama, H. y Itagaki, S. (1990). Neuronal degeneration and memory loss in Alzheimer´s disease and aging. Experimental Brain Research, 21, 411-426.
Mendizábal de la Cruz, N. y González Martín, E. (2022). La expresión de emociones en la narrativa de los adultos mayores con deterioro cognitivo leve o moderado: análisis e intervención metalingüística. Revista de Investigación en Logopedia, 13(1), e83480. https://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rlog.83480
Moos, I. (2011). Humour, irony and sarcasm in severe Alzheimer’s dementia–a corrective to retrogenesis? Ageing & Society, 31(2), 328-346. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X10001054
Morrison, J. (2015). DSM-5® Guía para el diagnóstico clínico. Editorial El Manual Moderno.
Müller, N. (Ed.). (2005). Multi-layered transcription. Plural Publishing.
Mulligan, K. y Scherer, K. R. (2012). Toward a Working Definition of Emotion. Emotion Review, 4(4), 345-357. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073912445818
Ogren, M. y Sandhofer, C. M. (2021). Emotion words in early childhood: A language transcript analysis. Cognitive Development, 60, 101122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2021.101122
Ortiz Ortiz, R. (2023). La expresión emocional a través de las locuciones idiomáticas en aprendientes de ELE: el papel de las metáforas y metonimias cognitivas [Trabajo Fin de Máster, Universidad de Alcalá]. https://ebuah.uah.es/dspace/handle/10017/59566
Portellano, J., Mateos, R. y Martínez, R. (2000). Cuestionario de Madurez Neuropsicológica Infantil (CUMANIN). Madrid: TEA Ediciones.
Prichep, L.S., John, E.R., Ferris, S.H. y Reisberg B. (1994). Quantitative EEG correlates of cognitive deterioration in the elderly. Neurobiology of aging, 15, 85-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-4580(94)90147-3
Reisberg, B., Ferris, S. H., de Leon, M. J. y Crook, T. (1982). The Global Deterioration Scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139(9), 1136-1139. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.139.9.1136
Reisberg, B., Franssen, E. H., Hasan, S. M., Monteiro, I., Boksay, I., Souren, L. E., Kenowsky, S., Auer, S. R., Elahi, S. y Kluger, A. (1999). Retrogenesis: clinical, physiologic, and pathologic mechanisms in brain aging, Alzheimer’s and other dementing processes. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 249(Suppl 3), S28-S36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00014170
Reisenzein, R. (2007). What is a definition of emotion? And are emotions mental-behavioral processes? Social Science Information, 46(3), 424-428. https://doi.org/10.1177/05390184070460030110
Sacharin, V., Schlegel, K. y Scherer, K. R. (2012). Geneva emotion wheel rating study. Center for Person, Kommunikation, Aalborg University, NCCR Affective Sciences. Aalborg University, Aalborg.
Scherer, K. R., Shuman, V., Fontaine, J. R. J. y Soriano, C. (2013). The GRID meets the Wheel: Assessing emotional feeling via self-report. En Johnny R.J. Fontaine, Klaus R. Scherer y C. Soriano (Eds.), Components of Emotional Meaning: A sourcebook (pp. 281-298). Oxford University Press.
Schwarz-Friesel, M. (2015). Language and emotion. The cognitive linguistic perspective. En U. Lüdke (Ed.), Emotion in Language (pp. 157-173). John Benjamins.
Simoes Loureiro, I. y Lefebvre, L. (2016). Retrogenesis of semantic knowledge: Comparative approach of acquisition and deterioration of concepts in semantic memory. Neuropsychology, 30(7), 853–859. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000272
Stasio, S., Fiorilli, C. y Chiacchio, C. (2014). Effects of verbal ability and fluid intelligence on children’s emotion understanding. International Journal of Psychology, 49(5), 409-414. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12032
Weimer, A. A., Sallquist, J. y Bolnick, R. R. (2012). Young children’s emotion comprehension and theory of mind understanding. Early Education & Development, 23(3), 280-301. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2010.517694
Wellman, H. M., Harris, P. L., Banerjee, M. y Sinclair, A. (1995). Early understanding of emotion: Evidence from natural language. Cognition & Emotion, 9(2-3), 117-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939508409005
Widen, S. C., y Russell, J. A. (2003). A closer look at preschoolers’ freely produced labels for facial expressions. Developmental Psychology, 39(1), 114–128. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.39.1.114
Wierzbicka, A. (1999). Emotional universals. Language Design: Journal of Theoretical and Experimental Linguistics, 2, 023-69.
Xu, M., Jhu, J. y Benítez-Burraco, A. (2024). Color-emotion associations by speakers of Spanish and Mandarin in verbal and visual task: a comparison. Language and Cognition, 16(4), 2130 – 2147. https://doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2024.52
